Patient Case: Infections of the skin
A 45-year-old man presents to the clinic with a three-day history of a painful, swollen, red lesion on his right lower leg. He initially noticed a small cut after bumping into a table, but over the past few days, the area has become increasingly tender, warm, and swollen. He also reports a low-grade fever and mild fatigue.
His medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, but he has no known allergies or history of skin conditions. He denies recent travel or exposure to unusual insects or animals.
On examination, there is a 5 cm area of erythema, warmth, and induration on the anterior lower leg. A small central area of pustular drainage is present. Regional lymph nodes are mildly enlarged, and his temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). There are no signs of necrosis or systemic sepsis, but the findings are suggestive of a bacterial skin infection.
A clinical diagnosis of cellulitis with a possible abscess is made. The patient is started on oral antibiotics (empirical coverage for Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species), instructed on wound care, and advised to monitor for worsening symptoms such as increasing redness, fever, or spreading infection. Due to his diabetes, he is also counseled on proper foot and skin care to prevent future infections.
a) Erysipelas
b) Cellulitis
c) Contact dermatitis
d) Necrotizing fasciitis
a) Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c) Candida albicans
d) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
a) Oral antibiotics and local wound care
b) Topical corticosteroids and antihistamines
c) Surgical debridement and IV antifungals
d) Watchful waiting without treatment
a) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
b) Regular exercise
c) Vegetarian diet
d) Daily moisturizing routine
Answers
- (b) Cellulitis
- The progressive redness, swelling, warmth, and tenderness of the leg, along with fever, is characteristic of cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection. Erysipelas (a) has more well-defined borders and is typically more superficial. Contact dermatitis (c) is usually itchy rather than painful and lacks fever. Necrotizing fasciitis (d) is a life-threatening condition with rapidly spreading tissue destruction and systemic toxicity, which this patient does not exhibit.
- (a) Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes of cellulitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (b) is more common in immunocompromised patients or in infections following burns. Candida albicans (c) causes fungal skin infections, not bacterial cellulitis. HPV (d) is responsible for warts, not cellulitis.
- (a) Oral antibiotics and local wound care
- Empirical oral antibiotics covering Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species are the first-line treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Topical corticosteroids and antihistamines (b) are not appropriate because cellulitis is an infection, not an inflammatory or allergic reaction. Surgical debridement and IV antifungals (c) are reserved for severe infections or fungal causes. Watchful waiting (d) risks progression to more severe infection.
- (a) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes increases susceptibility to skin infections due to poor circulation, reduced immune function, and delayed wound healing. Regular exercise (b), a vegetarian diet (c), and a moisturizing routine (d) are not risk factors for cellulitis and may actually help with overall skin health.
