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Patient Case: Folliculitis, Furuncles and Carbuncles

Discussion

A 34-year-old man presents to the clinic with painful, red bumps on the back of his neck and upper back that started five days ago. Initially, he noticed small, itchy pustules (like pimples), but over time, some of them became larger, more swollen, and tender. He now has a cluster of painful, swollen boils on the back of his neck that occasionally drain pus.

He reports having similar lesions in the past, especially after sweating heavily at the gym. He has no fever or other systemic symptoms. His medical history is unremarkable, but he shaves his neck frequently and often wears tight-fitting sportswear.

On examination, there are several small pustules with surrounding redness on the upper back (consistent with folliculitis). Additionally, two larger, deep, fluctuant nodules are present on the back of his neck, with one draining yellow pus (consistent with furuncles/boils). A cluster of interconnected abscesses forming a carbuncle is noted in the same area.

A diagnosis of folliculitis progressing to furuncles and a carbuncle is made. The patient is advised on proper hygiene, avoiding tight clothing, and using antibacterial soap. He is prescribed topical antibiotics for folliculitis and oral antibiotics for the larger abscesses. An incision and drainage (I&D) procedure is performed on the largest carbuncle, and he is instructed to monitor for signs of worsening infection.

Questions
1. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

a) Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles
b) Contact dermatitis
c) Herpes simplex virus infection
d) Lipoma

2. What is the most common causative organism of this condition?

a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c) Candida albicans
d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

3. What is the best initial treatment for this patient’s condition?

a) Warm compresses, topical antibiotics for folliculitis, and oral antibiotics for deeper infections
b) High-dose intravenous antibiotics
c) Surgical excision of all lesions
d) Antifungal creams and steroids

4. Which of the following risk factors most likely contributed to this patient's condition?

a) Frequent shaving and tight-fitting sportswear
b) High intake of spicy food
c) Lack of vitamin C in the diet
d) Daily use of sunscreen

Reveal answers

Answers

  1. (a) Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles
    • The progression from small pustules (folliculitis) to deeper, swollen, and painful nodules (furuncles/boils), and eventually to interconnected abscesses (carbuncle) is characteristic of bacterial skin infections. Contact dermatitis (b) is typically itchy but not purulent. Herpes simplex virus (c) causes grouped vesicular lesions, and lipomas (d) are benign, soft, and painless fat deposits.
  2. (a) Staphylococcus aureus
    • Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles, especially in areas exposed to friction, sweating, or shaving. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (b) is associated with "hot tub folliculitis." Candida albicans (c) causes fungal infections, not bacterial abscesses. Streptococcus pneumoniae (d) is a respiratory pathogen, not a common cause of skin abscesses.
  3. (a) Warm compresses, topical antibiotics for folliculitis, and oral antibiotics for deeper infections
    • Warm compresses help with drainage, topical antibiotics (mupirocin or clindamycin) treat mild folliculitis, and oral antibiotics (dicloxacillin or cephalexin) are required for deep furuncles or carbuncles. IV antibiotics (b) are not needed unless there are systemic symptoms. Surgical excision (c) is not the first-line treatment. Antifungals and steroids (d) are inappropriate for bacterial infections.
  4. (a) Frequent shaving and tight-fitting sportswear
    • Shaving can cause small skin abrasions, making it easier for bacteria to infect hair follicles. Tight clothing traps sweat and bacteria, increasing the risk of folliculitis. Spicy food (b), vitamin C deficiency (c), and sunscreen (d) do not significantly contribute to bacterial skin infections.

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