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Meningitis

Discussion

A 29-year-old man presented to the emergency department with complaints of a severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness that had developed over the past two days. He reported that the headache was the worst he had ever experienced, and it was accompanied by chills, photophobia, and nausea. The patient mentioned that he had recently returned from a camping trip where he had been in close contact with friends.

During the initial evaluation, the healthcare provider noted that the patient appeared ill, with a temperature of 102°F (39°C). The neurological examination revealed nuchal rigidity, as the patient was unable to touch his chin to his chest without significant discomfort. A quick assessment of his mental status showed mild confusion, although he was still oriented to person and place.

To investigate the possibility of meningitis, the physician ordered a complete blood count (CBC), blood cultures, and a lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The CSF analysis revealed elevated white blood cell counts with a predominance of neutrophils, increased protein levels, and decreased glucose levels, indicating a likely bacterial meningitis.

Empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated immediately, with the patient receiving ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Supportive care, including intravenous fluids and antipyretics, was also provided to manage his symptoms. The results of the blood cultures later confirmed the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Throughout his hospital stay, the patient was closely monitored for any complications associated with meningitis. He responded well to the treatment, and after several days of intravenous antibiotics, his symptoms improved significantly. The patient was discharged with instructions to complete a course of oral antibiotics and to follow up with his primary care physician for further evaluation and monitoring.

Questions
1. What were the primary symptoms that led the patient to seek medical attention?

a) Cough and shortness of breath

b) Severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness

c) Abdominal pain and diarrhoea

d) Chest pain and palpitations

2. What key finding in the neurological examination indicated possible meningitis?

a) Weakness in the limbs

b) Nuchal rigidity

c) Confusion and disorientation

d) Slurred speech

3. What did the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis reveal that indicated bacterial meningitis?

a) Elevated white blood cell count with predominance of lymphocytes

b) Normal glucose levels with increased protein

c) Elevated white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance, increased protein, and decreased glucose

d) Low white blood cell count with normal protein and glucose levels

4. Which organism was confirmed as the cause of the patient's meningitis through blood cultures?

a) Neisseria meningitidis

b) Escherichia coli

c) Streptococcus pneumoniae

d) Listeria monocytogenes

Reveal answers

Answers

1. b) Severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness

2. b) Nuchal rigidity

3. c) Elevated white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance, increased protein, and decreased glucose

4. c) Streptococcus pneumoniae.