These can be Prenatal (fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infection), Perinatal (placental dysfunction, birth trauma, septicemia, jaundice) and Postnatal (brain infection, head injury). Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability, followed by the fragile-x syndrome.

This includes; delay in gross and fine motor milestones, speech delay, low IQ, poor academic achievements, inability to perform age specific tasks. They can be unaware of danger, and unable to perform age-appropriate adaptive tasks. They can have behavioral problems, poor problem-solving skills, difficulty remembering things, problems with potty training are also common. Examination findings in keeping with associated disorders can be picked, for example, a small head in fetal alcohol syndrome, hypotonia and abnormal facial features in down syndrome and so on. 

This includes; child abuse and neglect, debilitating medical conditions, sensory disability, speech and hearing difficulties, cerebral palsy, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Others include Severe under stimulation and specific developmental disorders (e.g. specific reading disabilities etc.)

Intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment is used to diagnose intellectual disability. Average IQ is 100, with most people falling between 85-114. 71-84 is borderline intellectual functioning, 50-70 is mild, 35-49 is moderate, 25-34 is severe and <25 is profound. Other investigations include the Weschler intelligence scale. Investigations to rule out co-morbidities and differential diagnosis can also be done. About 85% of children have the mild type.

The treatment of mental retardation involves a multidisciplinary approach. Most of these children have co-morbidities and will require the services of another specialist apart from the child and adolescent psychiatrist. Some of them include; pediatrician, physiotherapist, psychologist, dietician, occupational therapists, speech therapist and also school teachers. 

Routine follow-up with the right people will significantly improve the quality of life and adaptive skills. 

Intellectual disability can be prevented in some cases. Pregnant women should avoid the use of alcohol, they should take their prenatal vitamins, take vaccinations recommended during pregnancy. Genetic testing can be carried out to check for children at risk of developing genetic disorders that are associated with mental retardation.

Intellectual disability has a great impact in the life of the children that are affected including their families. These children are at risk of harmful forms of traditional healing, neglect or harsh treatment. Adequate exposure to a healthcare facility and appropriate treatments for these children can improve the quality of life and lessen the caregiver burden.