Epilepsy
A 30-year-old woman presented to the neurology clinic after experiencing her first seizure. The patient reported that while at work, she suddenly felt dizzy and had a brief episode of confusion, followed by a generalized convulsion that lasted approximately two minutes. Witnesses reported that she lost consciousness, had jerking movements of her arms and legs, and appeared unresponsive during the episode. After the seizure, she was disoriented for about 15 minutes and felt extremely fatigued.
The patient had no prior history of seizures or significant neurological issues, but she did mention occasional episodes of feeling "spacey" and losing focus, which she had attributed to stress and lack of sleep. She had no family history of epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and her medical history was otherwise unremarkable.
During the neurological examination, the physician noted no focal neurological deficits. A series of diagnostic tests were ordered, including an electroencephalogram (EEG) and MRI of the brain, to assess for any underlying abnormalities. The EEG showed abnormal electrical activity consistent with epilepsy.
After confirming the diagnosis, the neurologist discussed treatment options with the patient. She was started on levetiracetam, an antiepileptic medication, and instructed on the importance of medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, and avoiding known seizure triggers, such as lack of sleep and excessive alcohol consumption.
The patient was advised to keep a seizure diary to track the frequency and any potential triggers for her seizures. A follow-up appointment was scheduled in three months to monitor her response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments to her treatment plan.
a) Chronic headaches
b) Experience of her first seizure
c) Frequent dizziness
d) Loss of consciousness during exercise
a) Absence seizure
b) Tonic-clonic seizure
c) Myoclonic seizure
d) Focal seizure
a) Valproate
b) Phenytoin
c) Levetiracetam
d) Carbamazepine
a) Increasing caffeine intake
b) Avoiding regular exercise
c) Maintaining a regular sleep schedule
d) Reducing fluid intake
Answers
1. b) Experience of her first seizure
2. b) Tonic-clonic seizure
3. c) Levetiracetam
4. c) Maintaining a regular sleep schedule